ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SPECULATION

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SPECULATION

Global financial markets are driven primarily by two factors: demand and supply, which ultimately determine price levels and direction. Demand and supply are further driven by several factors one of which is speculation. Other factors include the activities of hedgers, arbitragers and investors.

Hedgers seek to offset pre-existing risk, arbitragers seek to take advantage of financial instrument price differences across different market segments, while investors seek to profit through long term ownership of financial instruments or assets. Speculation involves trading in financial assets such as stocks, commodities and foreign currencies in the hope of gain, albeit with the risk of loss. Speculators discount underlying gains in financial assets such as interest, capital gains and dividends and focus largely on changes in market value of the financial assets as a result of price movements.

A speculator has only one goal – profit. Given that he seeks to take advantage of arbitrage opportunities in the financial system, speculators often find themselves at cross purposes with regulators and the real sector. In the process of seeking to benefit from temporary structural imbalances in markets, speculators are often accused of destroying economic value usually because their activities often aggravate an existing, unwanted situation. Career speculators analyse past and present fundamentals in an attempt to establish trends. Based on these trends, they establish a view on market expectation and take a position based on their expectation.

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SPECULATION

Their exposures maybe as a result of buying, selling or short selling any particular trade-able asset with the aim of reversing (squaring) the exposure at future profitable levels. Other speculators (scavengers) simply observe structural imbalances within the financial system and seek to benefit from the imbalances usually to the overall detriment of the economy and often against the wish of financial regulators. Despite being seen as undesirable, activities of speculators actually do have some beneficial impact on the economy. Perhaps the most important advantage of speculation to the economy is the liquidity it brings to markets.

Real demand and supply may not always be available and cannot sufficiently keep markets active at all times. Since market efficiency is measured in terms of effective pricing mechanism, size and depth, the activities of speculators become relevant in buoying markets towards the desired levels of efficiency as they provide “artificial” demand when “real demand” is not available and “artificial” supply when “real supply” is not available. The risk they take (funded by their capital) is against the expectation that real demand and supply will help push prices to equilibrium. It is a speculator’s ability to accurately guess where the equilibrium price levels set in that ultimately gives him his reward.
Speculators further enhance market efficiency through their presence in the markets by making it easy for asset holders and exposed parties to measure risk by price discovery. A market without speculators would only be active periodically, i.e. when a real buyer and a real seller exist simultaneously. The price at which their trade is struck would then be recorded as the reference rate. However, with speculators in the market, trade volumes are high and frequent thus making it easy to record series of reference prices for asset valuation and risk evaluation purposes.

Finally, commodity speculators willing to buy products up front (via derivatives) actually indirectly boost the production of that product by creating up-front demand. This triggers production with its attendant desirable effects on the overall economy.


By Olawale Hamed
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11 comments:

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  2. PLEASE READ!!Hello Guys! I am Ruth I live in Ohio USA I’m 37 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,500 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $15,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano’s email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com

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  3. PLEASE READ!!Hello Guys!!! I am Caro I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  4. PLEASE READ!!Hello Guys!!! I am Caro I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  5. PLEASE READ!!Hello Guys!!! I am Caro I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  6. PLEASE READ!!Hello Guys!!! I am Caro I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  7. "DO YOU KNOW THAT YOU CAN HACK AN ATM MACHINE WITH  PROGRAMMED BLANK ATM CARD?? This card is an ATM cards that can be used to hack into any ATM machine. Withdraw as much cash as you want!! We sell this cards to buyers worldwide. We also make credit cards too! Here is our list for ATM cards:
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    $10 ————$40,000

    Those cards are programed to withdraw for 3 months before you can renew it, if you want to get your own card Contact us on Email: adrianohackers01@gmail.com"

    ReplyDelete
  8. PLEASE READ!!Hello Guys!!! I am Ruth I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  9. PLEASE READ!!Hello Guys!!! I am Ruth I live in Ohio USA I’m 32 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  10. POR FAVOR LEA !! Hola chicos !!! Soy Caro, vivo en Ohio, EE. UU. Tengo 32 años, estoy muy feliz de haber recibido mi tarjeta de cajero automático en blanco de Adriano. Mi tarjeta de cajero automático en blanco puede retirar $ 4,000 por día. Lo obtuve de Él la semana pasada y ahora he retirado alrededor de $ 10,000 gratis. El cajero automático en blanco retira dinero de cualquier cajero automático y no tiene nombre porque está en blanco, solo su PIN estará en él, no se puede rastrear y ahora tengo dinero para negocios, compras y suficiente dinero para mí y mi familia. vivo. Estoy muy contento y feliz de haber conocido a Adriano porque conocí a cinco personas antes que él y no pudieron ayudarme. Pero estoy feliz ahora que Adriano envió la tarjeta a través de DHL y la recibí en dos días. Obtenga su propia tarjeta de él en este momento, la está dando por una pequeña tarifa para ayudar a las personas, incluso si es ilegal, pero ayuda mucho y nadie es atrapado o rastreado. Estoy feliz y agradecido con Adriano porque cambió mi historia de repente. La tarjeta funciona en todos los países. Es una buena noticia. La dirección de correo electrónico de Adriano es adrianohackers01@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  11. PLEASE READ!!Hello Guys!!! I am Tracy I live in Florida USA I’m 35 Years old, am so happy I got my blank ATM card from Adriano. My blank ATM card can withdraw $4,000 daily. I got it from Him last week and now I have withdrawn about $10,000 for free. The blank ATM withdraws money from any ATM machines and there is no name on it because it is blank just your PIN will be on it, it is not traceable and now I have money for business, shopping and enough money for me and my family to live on.I am really glad and happy i met Adriano because I met Five persons before him and they could not help me. But am happy now Adriano sent the card through DHL and I got it in two days. Get your own card from him right now, he is giving it out for small fee to help people even if it is illegal but it helps a lot and no one ever gets caught or traced. I’m happy and grateful to Adriano because he changed my story all of a sudden. The card works in all countries that is the good news Adriano's email address is adrianohackers01@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete